Call Slot In Qt

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This article mainly introduces PyQt5 daily must learn events and signals related information, has some reference value, interested partners can refer to

The Qt D-Bus implementation will not generate any reply if the slot did so. Warning: When a caller places a method call and waits for a reply, it will only wait for a limited amount of time. Slots intending to take a long time to complete should make that fact clear in documentation so that callers properly set higher timeouts. Signals and slots are used for communication between objects. The signals and slots mechanism is a central feature of Qt and probably the part that differs most from the features provided by other frameworks. The minimal example requires a class with one signal, one slot and one connection: counter.h.

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In this section we will explore how PyQt5’s events and signals are implemented in the application.

Book: Create Desktop Apps with Python PyQt5

Events

All GUI applications are event-driven. Application events are generated primarily from users, but they can also be generated by other means, such as an Internet connection, a window manager, or a timer. When we call the exec_() method of the application, the application enters the main loop. The main loop detects various events and sends them to the event object.

In the event model, there are three participants.

  • event source
  • event object
  • event target

An event source is a change in the state of an object that generates an event. An event object (event) is an object that encapsulates a state change in the event source. The event target is the object that wants to be notified. The event source object represents the task of processing an event to the event target.

PyQt5 uses a unique signal and slot mechanism to handle events. Signals and slots are used for communication between objects, and when a particular event occurs, the signal is fired. The slot can be any Python call. The connection to the slot is called while the signal is transmitting.

Signals & slots

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Here’s a simple example to demonstrate PyQt5’s signal and slot.

In our example, QtGui.QLCDNumber and QtGui.QSlider will be used. we change the LCD numbers by dragging the slider.

Here, the slider’s valueChanged signal is connected to the LCD’s display (display) slot.

A transmitter is an object that sends a signal. The receiver is the object that receives the signal. What slots is the method of feedback to the signal.

Overwrite the system event handler. You can use any key to fire an event.
In the example below the escape key triggers an event that quits the program.

In our example, we reimplement the keyPressEvent() event handler.

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If we press the Esc key on the keyboard, the application terminates.

Book: Create Desktop Apps with Python PyQt5

Event sender event send

To facilitate differentiation of multiple event sources connected to the same event target, the sender() method can be used in PyQt5.

In our example there are two buttons. Both buttons are connected to the buttonClicked() method and we respond to the clicked button by calling the sender() method.

The two buttons are connected to the same slot.

We determine the signal source by calling the sender() method. In the application’s status bar, the label of the button that was pressed is displayed.

Customized emission signals

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An object created from a QObject can signal. In the following example, we’ll look at how we can customize the signal sent.

We create a new signal called closeApp. This signal is emitted by the mouse press event. This signal is connected to the close() slot in QMainWindow.

Creates a Communicate class inherited from QObject, which has a property of the pyqtSignal() class.

Connect our custom closeApp signal to the close() slot in QMainWindow.

The CloseApp signal is emitted (emit) when our mouse clicks in the program window: application termination.

Book: Create Desktop Apps with Python PyQt5

Qt5 alpha has been released. One of the features which I have been working on is a new syntax for signals and slot.This blog entry will present it.

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Here is how you would connect a signal to a slot:

What really happens behind the scenes is that the SIGNAL and SLOT macros will convert their argument to a string. Then QObject::connect() will compare those strings with the introspection data collected by the moc tool.

What's the problem with this syntax?

While working fine in general, we can identify some issues:

  • No compile time check: All the checks are done at run-time by parsing the strings. That means if you do a typo in the name of the signal or the slot, it will compile but the connection will not be made, and you will only notice a warning in the standard output.
  • Since it operates on the strings, the type names of the slot must match exactly the ones of the signal. And they also need to be the same in the header and in the connect statement. This means it won't work nicely if you want to use typedef or namespaces

In the upcoming Qt5, an alternative syntax exist. The former syntax will still work. But you can now also use this new way of connecting your signals to your slots:

Which one is the more beautiful is a matter of taste. One can quickly get used to the new syntax.

So apart from the aesthetic point of view, let us go over some of the things that it brings us:

Compile-time checking

You will get a compiler error if you misspelled the signal or slot name, or if the arguments of your slot do not match those from the signal.
This might save you some time while you are doing some re-factoring and change the name or arguments of signals or slots.

An effort has been made, using static_assert to get nice compile errors if the arguments do not match or of you miss a Q_OBJECT

Arguments automatic type conversion

Not only you can now use typedef or namespaces properly, but you can also connect signalsto slots that take arguments of different types if an implicit conversion is possible

In the following example, we connect a signal that has a QString as a parameter to a slot that takes a QVariant. It works because QVariant has an implicit constructor that takes a QString

Connecting to any function

As you might have seen in the previous example, the slot was just declared as publicand not as slot. Qt will indeed call directly the function pointer of the slot, andwill not need moc introspection anymore. (It still needs it for the signal)

But what we can also do is connecting to any function or functor:

This can become very powerful when you associate that with boost or tr1::bind.

C++11 lambda expressions

Everything documented here works with the plain old C++98. But if you use compiler that supportsC++11, I really recommend you to use some of the language's new features.Lambda expressions are supportedby at least MSVC 2010, GCC 4.5, clang 3.1. For the last two, you need to pass -std=c++0x asa flag.

You can then write code like:

This allows you to write asynchronous code very easily.

Update: Also have a look what other C++11 features Qt5 offers.

It is time to try it out. Check out the alpha and start playing. Don't hesistate to report bugs.